INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2

 

Industrial Revolution(1760-1870)

  

Background of Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s time the term has been more broadly applied as a process of economic transformation than as a period of time in a particular setting. This explains why some areas, such as China and India, did not begin their first industrial revolutions until the 20th century, while others, such as the United States and western Europe, began undergoing “second” industrial revolutions by the late 19th century.A brief treatment of the Industrial Revolution follows. For full treatment of the Industrial Revolution as it occurred in Europe, see Europe, history of: The Industrial Revolution.

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The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition from small cottage industries in which goods were primarily made by hand to new mass-produced goods in factories using steam and water power. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1760 and many of the technological innovations were of British origin. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history and almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. There are several important reasons why it began in Great Britain.

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Impact of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. Britain’s population grew 280% between the years 1550–1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50–80%. Additionally, Great Britain became the world’s leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean.

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Industrial Revolution Causes and Effects

Causes

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with new developments in the textile industry.

Before that time making cloth was a slow process. After wool was gathered it had to be spun into yarn and then woven into fabric by hand. A machine called a spinning jenny, first conceived by James Hargreaves in 1764, made it easier to spin yarn. In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which helped clean cotton after it was picked. These and other devices permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy.

Whitney also came up with the idea of interchangeable parts. Before a worker would spend a great deal of time making a single product by hand. Whitney discovered that a machine could make many copies of the individual parts of a product at once. The parts could then be assembled by any worker. This meant that many goods could be produced quickly.

Other changes that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution included the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals.

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10 major results of ındustrıal revolution

1. The factory system
2. Rise of capitalism
3. Urbanization
4. Exploitation of the working class
5. Opportunity and increase in the standard of living
6. Rise of materialism and consumerism
7. Technological advancement
8. Rise of socialism and marxısm                  
9. Transfer of wealth and power to the rest
10. pollution and destruction of environment

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